AVESTA: VENDIDAD (English): Fargard 19.

vd19sbe

AVESTA: VENDIDAD (English): Fargard 19.

Translated by James Darmesteter, from Sacred Books of the East, American Edition, (New York, The Christian Literature Company, 1898.)

Comments in [] by JHP.

Compare this chapter with the ancient description given of it in the Denkard, Dk Book 8.74-76:

(74) About the combat (kushishno) of the evil: spirit with Zartosht, the victory of Zartosht therein, and whatever is on the same subject. (75) About Zartosht having inquired of Ohrmazd how, and by what means, one has to confound the evil spirit and other demons, and his reply. (76) About the gratification of Vohuman, the archangel, owing to the washing and bringing back to use of polluted clothing; also praise unto Ohrmazd for his narrating the care of the clothing.

Synopsis:

I (§§ 1-3). Angra Mainyu sends the demon Buiti to kill Zarathushtra: Zarathushtra sings aloud the Ahunwar, and the demon flies away, confounded by the sacred words and by the glory of Zarathushtra.

Ia (§§ 4-10). Angra Mainyu himself attacks him and propounds riddles to be solved under pain of death. The Prophet rejects him with heavenly stones, given by Ahura, and announces to him that he will destroy his creation. The demon promises him the empire of the world if he adores him, as his ancestors have done, and abjures the religion of Mazda. Zarathushtra rejects his offers scornfully. He announces he will destroy him with the arms given by Ahura, namely, the sacrificial implements and the sacred words. Then he recites the Tat thwa peresa, that is to say, the Gatha in which he asks Ahura for instruction on all the mysteries of the material and spiritual world.

The rest of the Fargard contains specimens of the several questions asked by Zarathushtra and the answers given by Ahura. It is an abridgement of the Revelation (cf. Hadokht Nask).

II (11-17). How to destroy the uncleanness born from a contact with the dead? -- By invoking the Mazdean Religion. A series of invocations taught by Ahura and developed by Zarathushtra (15-16)

III (18-19). How to promote the prosperity of the creation? -- By the rites of the Baresman [barsom].

IV (20-25). How to purify man and clothes defiled by the dead? -- With gomez, water, and perfume.

V (26-34). On the remuneration of deeds after death; on the fate of the wicked and the righteous; the Chinwad bridge.

IIa (34-42). Another series of invocations.

VI (43-47). The demons, dismayed by the birth of the Prophet, rush back into hell.

As may be seen from the preceding analysis, the essential part of this Fargard are sections I and VI, the rest being an indefinite development. It appears also from section VI, that the attacks of Buiti and Angra Mainyu against Zarathushtra and the attempts to seduce him are supposed to take place at the moment when he was born, which is confirmed by the testimony of the Warsht-mansr Nask (West, Pahlavi Texts, IV, 226 seq.)

FARGARD 19.

I.

1. From the region of the north, from the regions of the north ¹, forth rushed Angra Mainyu, the deadly, the Daeva of the Daevas ². And thus spake the evil-doer Angra Mainyu, the deadly: 'Druj, rush down and kill him,' O holy Zarathushtra! The Druj came rushing along, the demon Buiti ³, who is deceiving, unseen death ⁴.
Notes:
1. From hell; cf. II, 10n; III, 7 n; Hadokht Nask 25; Bundahishn 15.19.
2. 'The fiend of fiends,' the arch-fiend.
3. Buiti is identified by the Greater Bundahishn with the Bût, the idol, worshipped by Budasp (a corruption of Bodhisativa). Buiti [Buddha] would be therefore a personification of Buddhism, which was flourishing in Eastern Iran in the two centuries before and after Christ. Buidhi (Vd11.9 may be another and more correct pronunciation of Bodhi.
4. Idolatry (cf. note 3) being the death of the soul.

2. Zarathushtra chanted aloud the Ahuna-Vairya ⁵: 'The will of the Lord is the law of righteousness. The gifts of Vohu-mano to the deeds done in this world for Mazda. He who relieves the poor makes Ahura king.'
He offered the sacrifice to the good waters of the good Daitya ⁶! He recited the profession of the worshippers of Mazda ⁷!
The Druj dismayed, rushed away, the demon Buiti, who is deceiving, unseen death.
5. [i.e. Ahunwar], a prayer in frequent use, and considered of great efficacy. It was by reciting it that Ohrmazd in his first conflict with Ahriman drove him back to hell (Bund 1).
6. The river in Eranwej; see Vd1.3.
7. The Fravarane (Y11.16).

3. And the Druj said unto Angra Mainyu: 'Thou, tormenter, Angra Mainyu! I see no way to kill Spitama Zarathushtra, so great is the glory of the holy Zarathushtra.'
Zarathushtra saw (all this) within his soul: 'The wicked, the evil-doing Daevas (thought he) take counsel together for my death.'
I a.

4. Up started Zarathushtra, forward went Zarathushtra, unabated by Akem-mano ⁸, by the hardness of his malignant riddles ⁹; he went swinging stones in his hand, stones as big as a house ¹⁰, which he obtained from the Maker, Ahura Mazda, he the holy Zarathushtra.
'Whereat on this wide, round earth, whose ends lie afar, whereat dost thou swing (those stones), thou who standest by the upper bank of the river Dareja ¹¹, in the mansion of Pourushaspa ¹²?'
8. See Vd10.10 n.
9. This is a fragment of an old legend in which Zarathushtra and Angra Mainyu played respectively the parts of Oedipus and the Sphinx. Cf. Yt5.81, where the same legend is told in nearly the same terms of the sorcerer Ahktya and Yavisht i Friyan. [See also the Pahlavi Text Yavisht i Friyan.]
10. The Commentary has, 'Some say, those stones are the Ahunwar.' If one keeps in mind how much the Moslem legend of Ibrahim owes to the legend of Zarathushtra, one may easily admit that this passage in our text is the origin of the story of how Iblis tempted Ibrahim, and was pelted away, whence he was named 'the stoned One' (ar-ragîmû).
11. 'The Daraja is the chief of the rivers, because the house of Zartosht's father stood on its bank and Zartosht was born there' (Bund24.15.)
12. The father of Zarathushtra.

5. Thus Zarathushtra answered Angra Mainyu: 'O evil-doer, Angra Mainyu! I will smite the creation of the Daeva; I will smite the Nasu, a creature of the Daeva; I will smite the Pairika Knathaiti ¹³, till the victorious Saoshyant come up to life ⁴ out of the lake Kasava [Kasaoya] ¹⁵, from the region of the dawn, from the regions of the dawn.'
13. The incarnation of idolatry; cf. Vd1.9.
14. The unborn son of Zarathushtra, who, at the end of time, will destroy Ahriman and bring about the resurrection of the dead. See Yt13.62; Yt19.92, 94 seq.
15. The Zarah sea in Saistan. See Yt19.66.

6. Again to him said the Maker of the evil world, Angra Mainyu: 'Do not destroy my creatures, O holy Zarathushtra! Thou art the son of Pourushaspa ⁶; by thy mother I was invoked ¹⁷. Renounce the good Religion of the worshippers of Mazda, and thou shalt gain such a boon as Vadhaghna ¹⁸ gained, the ruler of the nations.'
16. 'I know thee' (Comm.)
17. The Commentary has, 'Some explain thus: Thy forefathers worshipped me: worship me also.' Zarathushtra's forefathers must naturally have followed a false religion, since he announces the true one.
18. Azhi Dahaka or Zohak, who, as a legendary king, is said to have ruled the world for a thousand years. See Mx57.24-25: "Ahriman shouted to Zartosht thus: "If thou desist from this good religion of the Mazda-worshippers, then I will give thee a thousand years' dominion of the worldly existence, as was given to the Vadakan monarch Dahak [Zohak]." "

7. Spitama Zarathushtra said in answer: 'No! never will I renounce the good Religion of the worshippers of Mazda, either for body or life, though they should tear away the breath!'
8. Again to him said the Maker of the evil world, Angra Mainyu: 'By whose Word wilt thou strike, by whose Word wilt thou repel, by whose weapon will the good creatures (strike and repel) my creation, who am Angra Mainyu?'

9. Spitama Zarathushtra said in answer: 'The sacred mortar, the sacred cups, the Haoma, the Word taught by Mazda, these are my weapons, my best weapons! By this Word will I strike, by this Word will I repel, by this weapon will the good creatures (strike and repel thee), O evil-doer, Angra Mainyu! The Good Spirit [Spenta Mainyu -JHP] made the creation ¹⁹; he made it in the boundless Time. The Amesha-Spentas made the creation, the good, the wise Sovereigns.' 19. The first duty of every good Mazda-worshipper is to think of Ohrmazd as the creator, and of Ahriman as the destroyer (Mx2.9).

10. Zarathushtra chanted aloud the Ahuna-Vairya.
The holy Zarathushtra said aloud: 'This I ask thee: teach me the truth, O Lord ²⁰! ...'
20. This verse is the beginning of the Tat thwa peresa Gatha (Yasna 44); see the introduction to this Fargard.

II.

11. Zarathushtra asked Ahura Mazda: 'O Ahura Mazda, most beneficent spirit, Maker of the material world, thou Holy One! [he was sitting by the upper bank of the Dareja ²¹, before Ahura Mazda, before the good Vohu-mana, before Asha Vahishta, Khshathra Vairya, and Spenta Armaiti;]
21. See note 11 above.

12. 'How shall I free the world from that Druj, from that evil-doer, Angra Mainyu? How shall I drive away direct defilement? How indirect defilement? How shall I drive the Nasu from the house of the worshippers of Mazda? How shall I cleanse the faithful man? How shall I cleanse the faithful woman?'

13. Ahura Mazda answered: 'Invoke, O Zarathushtra! the good Religion of Mazda.
'Invoke, O Zarathushtra! though thou see them not, the Amesha-Spentas who rule over the seven Karshvares of the earth ²².
'Invoke, O Zarathushtra! the sovereign Heaven, the boundless Time ²³, and Vayu ²⁴, whose action is most high.
'Invoke, O Zarathushtra! the powerful Wind, made by Mazda; and Spenta [Armaiti]²⁵, the fair daughter of Ahura Mazda.
22. See verse 39.
23. By contradistinction to the duration of the world, which is limited to 12,000 years (Bund34.1).
24. The Genius of Destiny; see Vd5.9.
25. The fourth Amesha-Spenta, who in her spiritual character is an incarnation of pious humility and in her material character the Genius of the Earth; see Vd2.10.

14. 'Invoke, O Zarathushtra! my Fravashi ²⁶, who am Ahura Mazda, the greatest, the best, the fairest of all beings, the most solid, the most intelligent, the best shapen, the highest in holiness, and whose soul is the holy Word ²⁷!
'Invoke, O Zarathushtra! this creation of mine, who am Ahura Mazda.'
26. On the Fravashis, see Yt13.
27. See Yasna 1.1.

15. Zarathushtra imitated my words from me, (and said): 'I invoke the holy creation of Ahura Mazda.
'I invoke Mithra ²⁸, the lord of the rolling countryside, a god armed with beautiful weapons, with the most glorious of all weapons, with the most victorious of all weapons.
'I invoke the holy, well-formed Sraosha ²⁹, who wields a club in his hand, to bear upon the heads of the fiends ³⁰.
28. See Vd3.1 n 6.
29. See Vd18.14, note.
30. See Vd18.22 ff.; Yasna 57.19 ff; Yt11.

16. 'I invoke the most glorious Holy Word.
'I invoke the sovereign Heaven, the boundless Time, and Vayu, whose action is most high.
'I invoke the mighty Wind, made by Mazda, and Spenta (Armaiti), the fair daughter of Ahura Mazda.
'I invoke the good Religion of Mazda, the fiend-destroying Law of Zarathushtra.'
III.

17. Zarathushtra asked Ahura Mazda: 'O Maker of the good world, Ahura Mazda! With what manner of sacrifice shall I worship, with what manner of sacrifice shall I make people worship this creation of Ahura Mazda³¹?' 31. The sacrifice intended is a sacrifice to nature. The Baresman, as representative of the vegetal nature, receives the zaothra-libations, which are representative of the fertilizing rains.
18. Ahura Mazda answered: 'Go, O Spitama Zarathushtra! towards the high-growing trees ³², and before one of them that is beautiful, high-growing, and mighty, say thou these words: "Hail to thee! O good, holy tree, made by Mazda! Ashem vohu³³!" 32. The tree, whatever it is, from which the Baresma is taken.
33. See verse 22.
19. '[The priest] shall cut off a twig of Baresma, long as an aesha, thick as a yava³⁴. The faithful one, holding it in his left hand, shall keep his eyes upon it without ceasing³⁵, whilst he is offering up to Ahura Mazda and to the Amesha-Spentas, the high and beautiful golden Haomas, and Good Thought and the good Rata³⁶, made by Mazda, holy and excellent.' 34. Perhaps: 'long as a ploughshare, thick as a barleycorn.' See the English system of measures, in which three barleycorns = one inch. -- See Nirangistan 90.
35. The Parsis are recommended to keep their eyes on the Barsom during the sacrifice: 'A man is offering the Dron, he has said all the required Avesta, but he has not looked at the Barsom: what is the rule? It would have been better if he had looked at it; however he may proceed to the meal' (Old Rav. 97 b). See Tahmuras Fragments, 30-31.
36. Rata impersonates the liberalities done by men to God (as offerings) and by God to men (as riches, etc.)

IV.

20. Zarathushtra asked Ahura Mazda: 'O thou, all-knowing Ahura Mazda! thou art never asleep, never intoxicated, thou Ahura Mazda! Vohu-mano³⁷ gets directly defiled: Vohu-mano gets indirectly defiled; the Daevas defile him from the bodies smitten by the Daevas³⁸: let Vohu-mano be made clean.'
37. Vohu-mano is often used as a designation of the faithful one, literally, 'the good-minded;' this is the meaning which is given to it in this passage by the Commentary, and it certainly belongs to it in the second part of verse 24; but in the first part of the same clause it is translated 'clothes,' a meaning which is not unlikely in itself, as Vohu-mano, being the Amahraspand of cattle, may designate, and in fact did designate, the skins of cattle and leather (Comm. ad Farg. XVIII, 2). On the whole the description in the text applies to the cleansing both of the man and of the clothes, and Vohu-mano sometimes means the one, and sometimes the other. -- From the first meaning is derived the modern use of Vahman, 'Such a one,' 'N.'
38. From dead bodies.
21. Ahura Mazda answered: 'Thou shalt take some gomez from a bull ungelded and such as the law requires it³⁹. Thou shalt take the man who is to be cleansed to the field made by Ahura⁴⁰, and the man that is to cleanse him shall draw the furrows⁴¹. 39. The so-called Varasiô; 'it must be or a white colour; if a single hair on its body be found other than white, the animal is rejected as unfit for the purpose' (Sorabji Kavasji Khambata, in the Indian Antiquary, VII, 180). On the preparation of the gomez, see Wilson, Parsi Religion Unfolded, pp. 434-435.
40. The place of the cleansing, the Barashnum-gâh (see Vd9.3). [Also see Modi, Funeral Ceremonies of the Parsees (Bombay, 1928)]
41. See Vd9.10.
22. 'He shall recite a hundred Ashem vohu: "Holiness is the best of all good: it is also happiness. Happy the man who is holy with perfect holiness!"
'He shall chant two hundred Ahuna-Vairya: "The will of the Lord is the law of righteousness. The gifts of Vohu-mano to the deeds done in this world for Mazda! He who relieves the poor makes Ahura king."
'He shall wash himself four times with the gomez from the ox, and twice with the water made by Mazda⁴².
42. 'Or better six times with the gomez and thrice with the water' (Comm.; see Vd8.37 ff.; Vd9.28 ff.)
23. 'Thus Vohu-mano shall be made clean, and clean shall be the man. The man shall take up Vohu-mano⁴³ with the left arm and the right, with the right arm and the left: and thou shalt lay down Vohu-mano under the mighty light of the heavens by the light of the stars made by the gods, until nine nights have passed away⁴⁴. 43. 'The clothes' (Comm.)
44. The clothes of the unclean shall be exposed to the air for nine nights, all the time while be himself is confined in the Armesht-gah. The rules for the cleansing of clothes that have been worn by the dead himself are different (see Vd7.12 ff.)
24. 'When nine nights have passed away, thou shalt bring libations unto the fire, thou shalt bring hard wood unto the fire, thou shalt bring incense of Vohu-gaona unto the fire, and thou shalt perfume Vohu-mano therewith.
25. 'Thus shall Vohu-mano be made clean, and clean shall be the man⁴⁵. He shall take up Vohu-mano with the right arm and the left, with the left arm and the right, and Vohu-mano⁴⁶ shall say aloud: "Glory be to Ahura Mazda! Glory be to the Amesha-Spentas! Glory be to all the other holy beings."' 45. 'Thus Vohu-mano shall be clean -- the clothes; thus the man shall be clean -- he who wears those clothes' (Comm.)
46. The faithful one.

V.

26. Zarathushtra asked Ahura Mazda: 'O thou all-knowing Ahura Mazda: Should I urge upon the godly man, should I urge upon the godly woman, should I urge upon the wicked Daeva-worshipper who lives in sin, to give the earth made by Ahura, the water that runs, the corn that grows, and all the rest of their wealth⁴⁷?'
Ahura Mazda answered: 'Thou shouldst, O holy Zarathushtra.'
47. See verse 29 end.
27. O Maker of the material world, thou Holy One! Where are the rewards given? Where does the rewarding take place? Where is the rewarding fulfilled? Whereto do men come to take the reward that, during their life in the material world, they have won for their souls?
28. Ahura Mazda answered: 'When the man is dead, when his time is over, then the wicked, evil-doing Daevas cut off his eyesight. On the third night, when the dawn appears and brightens up, when Mithra, the god with beautiful weapons, reaches the all-happy mountains, and the sun is rising:
29. 'Then the fiend, named Vizaresha⁴⁸, O Spitama Zarathushtra, carries off in bonds⁴⁹ the souls of the wicked Daeva-worshippers who live in sin. The soul enters the way made by Time, and open both to the wicked and to the righteous. At the head of the Chinwad bridge, the holy bridge made by Mazda⁵⁰, they ask for their spirits and souls the reward for the worldly goods which they gave away here below⁵¹. 48. The demon Vizaresh is he who, during that struggle of three days and three nights with the souls of the departed, carries terror on them and beats them: he sits at the gate of hell (Bund. 28.18).
49. 'Every one has a noose cast around his neck: when a man dies, if he has been a righteous man, the noose falls from his neck; if a wicked, they drag him with that noose down into hell' (Comm.; see Vd5.8).
50. The Chinwad bridge extends over hell and leads to Paradise; for the souls of the righteous it widens to the length of nine javelins; for the souls of the wicked it narrows to a thread, and they fall down into hell (see Arda Viraf 5.1; Denkard Book 9, chapter 20.3). The Chinwad bridge has become the Sirath bridge of the Moslems. Not long ago they sang in Yorkshire of 'the Brig o' Dread, na brader than a thread' (Thorns, Anecdotes, 89), and even nowadays the peasants in Nièvre tells of a little board --
'Pas pu longue, pas pu large
Qu'un ch'veu de la Sainte Viarge,'

which was put by Saint Jean d'Archange between the earth and Paradise:
'Ceux qu'saront la raison (=l'oraison?) d'Dieu
Par dessus passeront.
Ceux qu'la sauront pas
Au bout mourront.' (Mélusine, p. 70.)

51. See verse 26, and Vd3.34-5; Vd18.33 ff.
30. 'Then comes the beautiful, well-shapen, strong and well-formed maid⁵², with the dogs at her sides⁵³, one who can distinguish⁵⁴, who has many children⁵⁵, happy, and of high understanding.
'She makes the soul of the righteous one go up above the Hara-berezaiti⁵⁶; above the Chinwad bridge she places it in the presence of the heavenly gods themselves.
52. The soul of the dead, on the fourth day, finds itself in the presence of a maid, of divine beauty or fiendish ugliness, according as he himself was good or bad, and she leads him into heaven or hell: this maid is his own Daena, his Religion [daena also means conscience], that is the sum of his religious deeds, good or evil (Hadokht Nask, section 2.9). [See also Dadestan-i Denig chapter 21.]
53. The dogs that keep the Chinwad bridge (see Vd13.9).
54. the good from the wicked.
55. Doubtful. Those children would he the righteous, as the sons of the Druj are the wicked (Vd18.30 ff.)
56. The Chinwad bridge rests by one end on the Alborz (Hara-berezaiti) and by the other on the Chikad Daitik in Eranwej (Comm. ad 101 ed. Sp.; Denkard IX, 20, 3).
31. 'Up rises Vohu-mano⁵⁷ from his golden seat; Vohu-mano exclaims: "How hast thou come to us, thou Holy One, from that decaying world into this undecaying one⁵⁸?" 57. The doorkeeper of Paradise; a Zoroastrian Saint-Pierre [St. Peter].
58. See Vd7.52; Hadhokht Nask, part 2.16.
32. 'Gladly pass the souls of the righteous to the golden seat of Ahura Mazda, to the golden seat of the Amesha-Spentas, to the Garo-nmanem⁵⁹, the abode of Ahura Mazda, the abode of the Amesha-Spentas, the abode of all the other holy beings. 59. The Garothman of thc Parsis; literally, 'the house of songs;' it is the highest Paradise.
33. 'As to the godly man that has been cleansed⁶⁰, the wicked evil-doing Daevas tremble at the perfume of his soul after death, as doth a sheep on which a wolf is pouncing⁶¹. 60. That has performed the Barashnum.
61. Ohrmazd is all perfume, Ahriman is infection and stench (Bundahishn 1; Eznig, Refutatio Haeresiarum II); the souls of their followers partake of the same qualities; and by the performance of the Barashnum both the body and the soul are perfumed and sweetened.
34. 'The souls of the righteous are gathered together there: Nairyo-sangha⁶² is with them; a messenger of Ahura Mazda is Nairyo-sangha. 62. See Vd22.7.

Ila.

'Invoke, O Zarathushtra! this very creation of Ahura Mazda.'
35. Zarathushtra imitated those words of mine: 'I invoke the holy world, made by Ahura Mazda.
'I invoke the earth made by Ahura, the water made by Mazda, the holy trees.
'I invoke the sea Vouru-kasha⁶³.
'I invoke the beautiful Heaven⁶⁴.
'I invoke the endless and sovereign Light⁶⁵.'
63. See Vd5.15 ff.
64. Asman, the highest heaven, as distinguished from the firmament (thwasha) that lies nearer the earth.
65. The endless Light is 'the place of Ormazd' (Bund. 1); it is Infinite Space conceived as luminous.
36. 'I invoke the bright, blissful Paradise of the Holy Ones.
'I invoke the Garo-nmanem, the abode of Ahura Mazda, the abode of the Amesha-Spentas, the abode of all the other holy beings.
'I invoke the sovereign Place of Eternal Weal⁶⁶, and the Chinwad bridge made by Mazda.
66. Misvana gatva, another name of the heavenly spaces; it designates heaven as the abode and source of all blessings, of all or saoka.
37. 'I invoke the good Saoka⁶⁷, who has the good eye.
'I invoke the whole creation of weal.
'I invoke the mighty Fravashis⁶⁸ of the righteous.
'I invoke Verethraghna⁶⁹, made by Ahura, who wears the Glory made by Mazda⁷⁰.
'I invoke Tishtrya⁷¹, the bright and glorious star, in the shape of a golden-horned bull⁷².
67. A Genius defined, 'Genius of the good eye,' by opposition to 'the bad eye.' Saoka (Sôk) is an auxiliary to Mithra (Mihr); she receives first, from above, all the good destined to man, and transmits it to the lower sky or firmament. (which is the seat of Destiny) through the moon and Ardvisur (Gr. Bund.)
68. See Yt13.
69. The Genius of Victory (Warharan). See Yt14.
70. The hvareno (Khurra or Farr) or light of sovereignty. See verse 39 and see Yt19.
71. Tishtrya (Tir), the star of rain. See Yt8.
72. Tishtrya appears successively under three forms, during the month named from him (the first month of summer, 21 June-21 July): ten days as a man, ten days as a bull, ten days as a horse. 'As a bull he is most to be invoked' (Comm.), to prepare his final victory over the demon of Drought, Apaosha.
38. 'I invoke the holy, beneficent Gathas⁷³, who rule over the Ratus⁷⁴:
'I invoke the Ahunavaiti Gatha;
'I invoke the Ustavaiti Gatha;
'I invoke the Spentamainyush Gatha;
'I invoke the Vohukhshathra Gatha;
'I invoke the Vahishtoishti Gatha.
73. The five collections of hymns which form the oldest and holiest part of the Yasna and of the Avesta (Yasna 28-34; Yasna 43-46; Yasna 47-50; Yasna 51; Yasna 53); they are named after their initial words.
74. The chiefs of creation; 'they rule over the Ratus inasmuch as it is by their means that these other Ratus are invoked' (Comm.)

39. 'I invoke the Karshvares of Arzahe and Savahe;
'I invoke the Karshvares of Fradadhafshu and Vidadhafshu;
'I invoke the Karshvares of Vourubaresti and Vouruzaresti;
'I invoke the bright Hvaniratha⁷⁵;
'I invoke the bright, glorious Haetumant⁷⁶;
'I invoke the good Ashi⁷⁷;
['I invoke the good Chisti⁷⁸;]
'I invoke the most pure Chista⁷⁹;
'I invoke the Glory of the Aryan regions⁸⁰;
'I invoke the Glory of the bright Yima, the good shepherd⁸¹.
75. The earth is divided into seven Karshwars [(Pah.) (Arezahi, Sawahi, Fradadhafshu, Widadhafshu, Wouru-bareshti, Wourujareshti, and Xwaniratha)], of which the central one, Xwaniratha, is the finest and contains Iran.
76. See Vd1.14.
77. Ashi (Ashishvang), the Genius that imparts riches to the righteous: see Yt17.
78. An angel of religious knowledge.
79. Religious knowledge: invoked with Daena (Religion; Siroza, 24)
80. The light of sovereignty, khwarrah (Phl.) (Av. 'khwarenah') , which if secured by the Aryans makes them rule over their enemies (see verse 37 and Yt19.56-93).
81. See Vd2.2.
40. 'Let him be worshipped with sacrifice, let him be gladdened, gratified, and satisfied, the holy Sraosha, the well-formed, victorious, holy Sraosha⁸².
'Bring libations unto the Fire, bring hard wood unto the Fire, bring incense of Vohu-gaona unto the Fire.
'Offer up the sacrifice to the Vazishta fire⁸³, which smites the fiend Spenjaghra⁸⁴: bring unto it the cooked meat and full overflowing libations⁸⁵.
82. That he may smite Aeshma and the other fiends.
83. The fire of lightning.
84. The demon that prevents the fall of rain; a companion in arms of Apaosha.
85. Doubtful.
41. 'Offer up the sacrifice to the holy Sraosha, that the holy Sraosha may smite down the fiend Kunda⁸⁶, who is drunken without drinking⁸⁷, and throws down into the Hell of the Druj the wicked Daeva-worshippers, who live in sin. 86. The same as Kundi; see Vd11.9.
87. Whereas Aeshma, the other arch-enemy of Sraosha, borrows part of his strength from drunkenness (Yasna 10.8).

[42. ⁸⁸ 'I invoke the Kara fish ⁸⁹, who lives beneath waters in the bottom of the deep lakes.
'I invoke the ancient and sovereign Merezu⁹⁰, the most warlike of the creatures of the two Spirits⁹¹.
'I invoke the seven bright Sru⁹² ...'
88. From the Vendidad Sada. The clause may have belonged to the original text; it is preceded by another clause which certainly did not belong to it, and part of which is cited in the commentary ad Farg. VIII, 103, where it would have been more suitably placed: 'When he has been cleansed in the next inhabited place, he may then sow and till the pasture fields, as food for the sheep and as food for the ox.'
89. The Kar-mâhî, the Ratu or chief of the creatures that live in water. See Vd20.4, note; Yt14.29.
90. A apox lecomenon. From its two epithets, 'ancient' and 'sovereign,' it appears that it must designate one of the first principles, that is to say, some form of Heaven, Light, Space, or Time.
91. Doubtful.
92. Hapta sravô bâmya.... [Wolff: "ich rufe herab die strahlenden sieben Hörner [Srû's] [Ebenfalls ein Sternbild?] -- ihre Kinder ... [pusa-?] werden [?]" (I call down the radiating seven horns (Sru)...(also a constellation?) -- their children ... [pusa-? perhaps 'flock'] become (?))]

VI.

43. 'They cried about, their minds wavered to and fro⁹³, Angra Mainyu the deadly, the Daeva of the Daevas; Indra the Daeva, Sauru the Daeva, Naunghaithya the Daeva, Taurvi and Zairi⁹⁴; Aeshma of the murderous spear⁹⁵; Akatasha the Daeva⁹⁶; Winter, made by the Daevas; the deceiving, unseen Death; Zaurva⁹⁷, baneful to the fathers; Buiti the Daeva⁹⁸; Driwi⁹⁹ the Daeva; Daiwi¹⁰⁰ the Daeva; Kasvi¹⁰¹ the Daeva; Paitisha¹⁰² the most Daeva-like amongst the Daevas.]

93. Up and down, in hope and despair.
94. See Vd10.9-10.
95. See Vd10.13.
96. Vd10.13.
97. Old age.
98. See above, verse 1 and note 3.
99. Malice; see above, Vd2.29.
100. Lying; see above, Vd2.29.
101. Spite; see above, Vd2.29.
102. Opposition, or counter-action, the same as Paityâra; a personification of the doings of Ahriman and of his marring power.
44. 'And the evil-doing Daeva, Angra Mainyu, the deadly, said: "'What! let the wicked, evil-doing Daevas gather together at the head of Arezura¹⁰³!" 103. At the gate of hell; see above, Vd3.7 and note.
45. 'They rush away shouting, the wicked, evil-doing Daevas; they run away shouting, the wicked, evil-doing Daevas; they run away casting the Evil Eye, the wicked, evil-doing Daevas: "Let us gather together at the head of Arezura!
46. '"For he is just born the holy Zarathushtra, in the house of Pourushaspa. How can we procure his death? He is the weapon that fells the fiends: he is a counter-fiend to the fiends; he is a Druj to the Druj. Vanished are the Daeva-worshippers, the Nasu made by the Daeva, the false-speaking Lie!"
47. 'They rush away shouting, the wicked, evil-doing Daevas, into the depths of the dark, raging world of hell.
'Ashem vohu: Holiness is the best of all good.'

Avesta -- Zoroastrian Archives Contents Prev vd19sbe Next Avestan Glossary