Mankind from the beginning to this day has
always engaged itself in finding out the secrets of Creation and
Management of the World. Among the earliest human to seek enlightenment
was Zarthost-e-Spitaman (Zarathushtra), who made science and knowledge the
light of the path of seeking the Lord of the World and with the Divine
Light and his beneficent nature found out the Creator of the World.
“O Lord of soul and intellect at that time
when I thought You to be the beginning and end of Creation, I found with
the eyes of the heart that You are the Source of pure temperament and the
manifestation of Truth and Innocence” [Ys.Ha.31; Hymn 8][2]
And after that Zarthost stepped out to form
his own society. He was attracting people by his captivating and eloquent
speech, and with truth and righteousness in his speech he was making them
accept his beliefs, and to propagate this canon of goodness, he turned to
Gushtasp (Vishtasp) Shah, the ruler of Iran at that time, and with the
usual quality of captivating people, he succeeded in winning over Gushtasp
Shah and invited him to follow the canon of goodness, which is based on
good thought, good word, and good deed, and that truth is the only way of
life. He spread the religion of goodness, neither by fighting nor
suppression and enmity, nor by rancor and abomination, nor by inversion
and blood shedding and killing, but by truth and truthfulness and the
strength of science and knowledge.
“Of those two gems born together in the
beginning in the world of imagination, one is piety and the other is
wicked in thought speech and action. And the wise man chooses truth from
these two” [Ys. Ha 30, Hymn 3]
The freedom of choice is given equally to men
and women so that they may choose, which according to them is the truth.
“O people! Listen to these facts with the
ear of wisdom and investigate them with bright thought and
deep-sightedness and choose personally each of you. O men and women, the
path of good and evil.” [Ys. Ha 30; Hymn 2]
Songs of Zarthosht (Gathas) describe his deep
spiritual and real connection with the singular Creator Ahura Mazda. In
this way the teachings of Zarthosht became the foundation of the great
religion and canon, which is still alive after passage of centuries.
During this long time in spite of many
commands even today the teaching and basic foundation of this religion of
goodness is the same good thought, word and deed, and has not undergone
any change and will not change, because Zarthosht expressed his speech
with perfection and pointed out the path leading to objective. He did not
keep anything incomplete so that someone else may try to complete it, nor
did he invent a path or passage, which may prohibit the perfection of man
during all these long years and the advancement of societies. Whatever
the foundation, he laid was the best of moral and social laws which are
similar and everlasting throughout the ages and for all the races and will
not admit change. And the pure religion of Zarthosht spread throughout
the entire land of Iran and guided the people to follow the laws of truth
and purity.
Many emperors ruled over Iran and were ruined,
kings came and went, and entirely throughout the ages, the earlier manners
and customs in the matter of retaining their originality did not remain
immune from change, even the expedition of Alexander became the cause of
destruction of some of the celestial songs of Gathas and Avesta.
Most important of these changes and moving
from place to place after the time of Yazdegard III, the last king of the
Sassanian dynasty, when the Arabs led an attack on Iran, and caused the
spread of the religion of Islam in Iran.
At this time Iranians were divided into four
groups:
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The first group consisted of men who fought
to the best of their strength to protect their religion and native soil,
till the last moments of their lives and did not give up their belief
and faith in the religion of goodness and consequently attained
martyrdom.
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The second group consisted of men who with a
burning heart having renounced the country of their forefathers took the
road to an alien country to protect their own religion and laws.
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The third group consisted of men who
accepted Islam.
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But the fourth group consisted of men who
neither sacrificed themselves, nor renounced their native place and
religion, but having remained in their native place and having
reconciled to misfortunes bore all difficulties with patience, and
quietly retained the laws of their forefathers.
The second group consisted of migrant
Zoroastrians most of them settled on Indian land and were called Parsis,
following their religion and laws of goodness. And having always treaded
in the path of truth, were known as pious and wise people who took
important steps in the path of advancement and perfection in the Indian
land. The main cause of these steps was the freedom of religion and faith
in that place. They could protect the basic rules and the necessary
manners and ways of the Zoroastrian religion in an alien country. Of
course the influence of Indian culture in their manners and ways cannot be
ignored, but fortunately this influence had no damaging effects.
But the fourth group are the forefathers of
the present day Zoroastrians of the land of Iran who stayed in their own
country and protected to the best of their strength the manners and ways
and practices of their religion, in spite of the harshness and tyranny and
unlimited oppressions meted out to them; but their numbers were dwindling
day by day and year by year. It is mentioned in a Zoroastrian population
report that during the time of the Ghaznavid and Safavid dynasties, there
lived a large number of Irani Zoroastrians in this country, but they were
always under the threat of their lives and existence. The invasion by the
Mughals and the Tartars eight hundred years ago struck many financial
blows, because a majority of Zarthostis were cultivators of land and
hereditary landlords, and during these merciless attacks, the principles
of ownership in Iran also came under alteration, and most of them having
lost properties were reduced to poverty and destitution.
The battles during the end of Safavid period,
and the oppression and tyranny perpetrated by Shah Abbas Safavid 370 years
ago, by making the Zoroastrians of all parts of Iran, to march to a newly
established place by him known as Gabrestan or Gabrabad
situated in the vicinity of arid zones of Isfahan; the numbers of
Zoroastrians decreased to a great extent. Poverty and destitution also
forced a large number of them to renounce their religion for a better life
and accept Islam. Because according to the Islamic laws, if a non-Moslem
becomes a Muslim he can retain the property inherited from his father and
mother, and/or all the relatives, but on any count to refuse a share from
it to all his non-Muslim brothers and sisters.
These circumstances slowly became the cause of
ignorance (lack of schools and books, and absence of learned and spiritual
leaders), they became unaware of their ancient and extant books, and even
if the books were available, they were unable to read and understand
them. They were prohibited from riding quadrupeds and putting on new
dresses. They were forced to pay an abundant portion of their riches
under the name of jaziya to the Muslim government.. They had
forgotten their own manners and practices such as putting on Sudra (sacred
shirt) and Kushti (sacred thread), and also the prohibition of divorce.
This helplessness reached its climax during
the time of the reign of Gachars.
But the eternal flame that was kindled by the
heavenly Zarthosht in this land and which had dimmed on account of the
oppression of the time had not entirely extinguished. Every flame
requires fuel and the fuel of this flame was one of the descendants of the
same migrant Zoroastrians to the land of India a thousand and some years
ago. His name was Maneckji Limji Hataria[3]
(Hatharia) who was born in Gujarat about 280 years ago and after
completion of his education and learning English, Urdu, Gujarati, Persian
and Arabic languages engaged himself in touring and sightseeing in India,
and it was during one of these journeys that he called himself as
Darvish-e-Fani.
After these journeys on account of the love
and attachment with Iran and touring and sightseeing as a representative
of the Anjuman–e-Akabair-e-Sabehan-e-Parsiyan-e-Hindustan he was
sent to Iran to take care of and render service to the condition and
circumstances of the Zoroastrians. When he saw the pitiful condition of
his co-religionists, he girded up his loins to improve their condition.
He traveled through Iran from east to west, and from south to north, and
sought his co-religionists in all the cities and habitations so that once
again he could provide the means of concord, harmony and fellowship.
Maneckji Sahib made extraordinary efforts in
establishing schools and in propagation of manners and religious
practices. He gave help and assistance to the needy by providing the
means of education, training, teaching and upbringing of Zoroastrian
children, which became matchless in the history of the social life of the
Zoroastrians one century ago.
In the performance of manners and religious
practices, Maneckji Sahib provided sacred shirt and girdle at his own
expense and distributed them among the Zoroastrians. He persuaded the
observation of twelve yearly functions and six Gahanbars (seasonal
festivals) with his own help and assistance to the needy. He marked out
the expenditure incurred on these functions from the endowments of
Zoroastrians of India. For the sake of education and training of the
Zoroastrian society, a majority of whom were illiterate, he took some
children from Kerman and Yazd with him to Tehran, by fixing a certain
amount for each of the children to be sent to their parents at his own
expense, so that the parents may not prevent the children’s education on
the excuse of poverty and the necessity of working and earning wages for a
living.
Among his students were Behram, son of Rustom
whose nom-de-plume was Maskin, Ustad Jawanmard Shirmad, Mirza
Isfandyar Afsari, Jamshid Ustad Behram, Mirza Kalantari, and Aflatun
Iskandar Kermani, each of whom later worked with zeal and matchless
efforts in serving the society.
Behram Rustom after completion of education
became the vice-regent of Maneckji Sahib and in his absence took the reins
of the affairs of the Zoroastrians. He also wrote many booklets about
Parsis, which were not printed.
Mirza Aflatun Iskandar Kermani, a grand child
of Mulla Gustasp Kermani who was brought from Kerman to Tehran by Maneckji,
for education and training, returned to Kerman after completion of his
education. He then carried out an important task of educating and
training of the youth of that city and for this he became renowned.
These are just two good examples of the
disciples of Maneckji Sahib whose work has been mentioned. Among his
other extraordinary works was that with the help and support of the
Anjuman-e-Akabir of the Parsis in India and through his ability and
expertise and his personality and the honor he commended at the court of
Nasiruddin Shah, a great success fell to his lot in removing the tyranny
and oppression of Zoroastrians of Yazd, Kerman and Tehran, which included:
-
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Removal of the burden of jizya, which
was always a burden on the shoulders of his fellow Zoroastrians in Iran
and was a mark of ridicule and insult.
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Removal of the tyrannical laws that the
property of a deceased Zoroastrian went entirely to his son or other
relatives who were neo-Muslims and the entirely family had no claim to
it.
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Amending marriage and divorce laws of
Zoroastrians
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Existence of Anjumans and other Zoroastrians
bodies
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Removal of some distinctions between the
Zoroastrian and the Muslims.
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Constructing atashkada, and repairing the
old buildings.
Apart from these political achievements he
also endeavored in the matter of compilation, translation and printing of
books. Among his books Izhar-i-Siyansat-i-Iran, Jamia-i-Maneck and
Siyahat-a-Iran could be mentioned as being printed in Persian and
Gujarati
The work, which Maneckji Sahib Limji Hataria
accomplished in Iran was beyond human strength and bordered on the limits
of miracle, so that the religion and laws of Zoroastrians were not
obliterated in the land of their forefathers and the native land of their
prophet. The devotion and unforgettable services and efforts of the late
Maneckji Limji Hataria to the society of Zoroastrians of Iran made his
good name eternal and everlasting. He left this temporal world in Iran a
hundred and sixty years ago.
But among this group he was not alone. Even
among the representatives of the
Anjuman-e-Akabir-e-Saheban-e-Parsiyan-e-Hindustan who did not hesitate
in giving all sorts of material and real help to their co-religionists in
Iran, after the late Maneckji Hataria; mention may be made of the late
Kaikhorsrowji Khan Sahib (the founder of the Anjuman-e-Zarathushtrian-e-Yazd)
and the late Ardeshirji Edulji. Like Maneckj Hataria, they also lived in
Iran till their death by the side of their co-religionists and with their
reliable and unforgettable assistance in various ways stopped the tyranny
and oppression and injustice meted out to the Zoroastrians of Iran by the
tyrant rulers and the ignorant public.
Among other Parsis to whom the society is
indebted for their copious generosity, the names of the late Pestanji
Marker and Sir Ratan Tata may also be mentioned in this respect, and so
also the name of the late Dr. Jamshedji Patel. In the course of his
residence in Yazd he was the cause of encouragement to the Zoroastrian
youth to take to the study of medicine. He was a qualified physician and
an expert teacher.
Behind this moving from place to place and the
social, cultural and political changes, which took place with the help of
the Anjuman-e-Akabir-e-Saheban-e-Parsiyan-e-Hindustan; we come
across the name of the learned man Khuda Baksh son of Behram Rais known as
Master Khuda bakhsh. He was a famous Zoroastrian wise man who took great
interest in the revival of the Mazdayasni Culture in Iran till the last
breath of his life and was the pivot of the Zoroastrian culture.
The late Master Khuda Bakhsh Behram Rais was
born in the village of Narsiabad of Yazd one hundred and thirty four years
ago and during the failure of harvest in Yazd he went to Bombay with his
parents and took his education in the Madrasa of Mulla Firuz and after
obtaining a degree from the Bombay University, he engaged himself in
learning the Persian and English languages. During this time under the
guidance of the late teacher Kawasji Edulji Kanga (one of the disciples of
the late Khurshedji Rustamji Cama) he engaged himself in taking religious
instructions in Avesta, Pahalavi and Zand. In the acquisition of the
teachings of the good religion, he took such a keen interest and made such
efforts that he became the object of praise of the Dasturs and other
learned Parsis. At the time of his departure for Yazd he took upon
himself the obligation of teaching the language of Avesta to the
Zoroastrians of Yazd on behalf of Khurshedji Rustamji Cama whose classes
for teaching Avesta and Pahlavi were known for the scientific principles
and knowledge of language. During that time, the present members of the
Anjuman-e-Akabir-e-Parsiyan-e-Hindustan had started a madrasa in
Yazd and since they knew Master Khuda Baksh and considering his presence
in Yazd to be a boon, appointed him to teach Avesta and English in the
Madrase-e-Kaikhusravi, and also the task of examiner and administrator
of all the Madrasas was entrusted to him.
The late Master Khuda Baksh not only made
great efforts in the education and training of the Zoroastrian children
but also engaged himself in teaching Avesta and Pahlavi and the religious
questions to the priests and the pious ones. He did not spare any effort
in the matter of compilation and translation of the cultural traditions of
the Zoroastrians, and put his hand to translate Gatha and
Bundahishin when the language and script of Avesta was considered to
be magic and sorcery, and none was aware of the meaning of Avesta. The
answers, which he wrote to hundreds of religious questions of Zoroastrian
Anjuman of Yazd, are all worthy of praise and bear a stamp of the vastness
of his knowledge about religious matters. In the course of his
translating the writings of the late Shahryarji Dadabhoy Bharucha (a
disciple of K. R. Cama) about the realities of the religion of
Zoroastrians, their manners and customs under the title
Guldasteh-e-Chaman-e-Zarthust is considered today as one of the most
precious and valuable book of laws of Zoroastrians. He has complied a
booklet against sacrifices and also a booklet on the laws of inheritance
and marriage
Master Khuda Bakash attained martyrdom while
on the way to madrasa by a stroke of bullet; and the society was deprived
of a learned man and a spreader of education. The unacceptable loss of by
the brutal hands of death put a great mark on the heart of the disciples
of Master Khuda Bakash, because a teacher and a guide like him was hard to
come across, who after years of teaching was like a dear and near friend
to them.
We have always carried history ahead with us.
Come along so that we do not allow history to march ahead without us.
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