| N | NOMINATIVE | for the subject of the verb |
| A | ACCUSATIVE | for the direct object of the verb |
| I | INSTRUMENTAL ('with') | Indicates the word is the instrument of the action, usually
expressed by 'with' in English. |
| D | DATIVE ('to, for') | for the indirect object |
| Abl | ABLATIVE ('from') | for the agent or instrument by
which something is done ("by"), or to indicate separation or source ("from"),
or for an accompanying object or characteristic or circumstance ("with"),
or to express comparison ("than"), or to indicate position
in space or time ("in"): |
| G | GENITIVE ('of') | to indicate that something is a
possession or a part of something else, or to describe a characteristic quality or value: |
| L | LOCATIVE ('at') | expressed position or circumstance.
Expressed in English by 'at, in, on, among, into, onto'. |
| V | VOCATIVE ('Oh') | for direct address: |