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sort order = aA&@bjdDeE=%fgKhQiIJklmMnN#*oOprscC$tT+uUvVwxqyYzZ
ASCII HTML description pronunciation
a a a as in German, or as a in 'father'
A â (â) a-macron as a in 'father' only lengthened
& ã (ã) a-tilde as 'an' in French enfant, a nasalized 'a'
@ å (å) a-ring as aw in 'saw'
b b b as in English
j c c as ch in 'church'
d d d as in English
D dh (or eth=ð) delta (or eth) as th in 'that', a voiced th
e e schwa as u in 'but'
E ê (ê) schwa-macron as u in 'but', only lengthened
= e e as in German, or e in 'bed'
% ê (ê) e-macron as in German only lengthened or a in 'made'
f f f as in English
g g g as in English
K kh gamma voiced x (often transcribed gh)
h h h as in English
Q h' h-ogonek as h, possibly stronger (before y)
i i i as in German, or i in 'it'
I î (î) i-macron as i in 'it' only lengthened
J j j as in English
k k k as in English
l l l as in English (not used in Avesta)
m m m as in English
M hm hm-ligature m which has become voiceless after h
n n n as in English
N ng n-long-tailed nh (gutteral nasal) before stops
# ñ (ñ) n-tilde as n (used before stopped consonents)
* ng n-ogonek as nh
o o o as in German, or o in 'rope'
O ô (ô) o-macron as o in 'rope' only lengthened (or o in 'Minnesota')
p p p as in English
r r r as in English
s s s as in English
c sh s-hacek as sh in 'show' (palatal)
C sh s-hacek-ogonek as sh in 'show' only more retroflex
$ sh s-hacek-cedilla as sh in 'show' (used before y)
(sometimes transcribed by s-acute)
t t t as in French 'tout' (dental, i.e. with tongue at same
position as for English th in 'thin')
T t t-ogonek as t in 'try'
+ th theta as th in 'thing'
u u u as in German, or u in 'put'
U û (û) u-macron as oo in 'book'
v v v as w in Dutch water (a bilabial semivowel similar to Engl.
v but not a fricative) (Humbach transcribes 'uu')
V v v-acute as v above (used initially with a few exceptions)
w w w as in English
x x x as German ch, or ch in Scottish 'loch'
q xv x-superscript-v as x (as above) with v immediately following
y y y as in English (Humbach transcribes 'ii')
Y ý (ý) y-acute as y above (used initially)
z z z as in English
Z zh z-hacek as z in 'azure'
HTML does not currently allow for the accurate representation of all Avesta graphemes. In particular, the shwa, and different forms of "n", "sh", and "t" are not distinguished. Thus the ASCII-encoded versions are preferred for research purposes.
The data encoded during this phase of the project, with the exception of Avesta fragments, is taken from Geldner's edition of the Avesta. It was decided to start with the Avestan and Pazand portions only, omitting such things as page numbering, headings, and critical apparatus. Ellipses have not been filled in with the exception of "Yazamaide" for "Y..." in Yt13. Note that all ellipses, which are variously marked in the manuscripts and by Geldner, are all marked by "...". This text will be expanded later to include critical apparatus and expand ellipses.
In this edition, Pazand passages, which are marked by Geldner with a smaller type font, are here enclosed in parentheses. Geldner's versification has been preserved by preceding lines of verse with 5 blank spaces (ASCII 32), and by following each line with a line feed (ASCII 10). Numbers which are written in Pazand words by Geldner are here reduced to the equivalent Arabic numerals.
(pa n&m i Yazd&)
1 aCem VohU>(1 u 3).
fravarAn= mazdayasnO zara+uctric VIda%vO ahura-Tka%CO, hAvanE= aCaon= aCah= ra+w= YasnAija VahmAija xCnao+rAija frasastaya%ja, sAvaNhE= VIsyAija aCaon= aCah= ra+w= YasnAija VahmAija xCnao+rAija frasastaya%ja.
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